Optimization of a cogeneration plant  Cogeneration is the process of simultaneously producing electricity and heat through the concurrent utilization of turbines, engines, boilers or other instruments. The energy and heat generated can be used for heat, steam, and/or for production-industrial processes.  The principle of cogeneration Here a diagram showing the principle behind a cogeneration plant. Some examples of applications of...

The art of sampling and monitoring emissions In this Application Note, we shall see the guidelines regarding correctly performing gas sampling for emissions monitoring in industrial and civil systems through the use of combustion and emission analyzers.  Introduction  Accurate monitoring of emissions in industrial processes is a central aspect for evaluating the efficiency of the combustion system, along with its...

Emissions analysis in a cement plant  There are many points within a cement plant that should be monitored and measured with a portable gas emissions analyzer to maximize product quality, combustion efficiency, safety and emissions reduction.  Problems related to emissions analysis in a cement plant The use of a continuous emissions analyzer (CEM: Continuous Emission Monitor) is necessary to monitor...

Portable emission analyzers in the mining sector   At each mine site, significant levels of CO, CO2, NOx (NO + NO2), SO2, H2S and CxHy can be emitted and cause serious damage to the environment. For this reason, emission regulations are becoming increasingly stringent each year in an attempt to stem the production of greenhouse gases.  In addition to the typical...

 Industrial emission analysis  Many companies of various technologies work hard to reduce emissions, with one of the most commonly tools used today being the catalytic converter. Measuring exhaust gas emissions before and after catalysts helps to determine the effectiveness of the catalysis and whether the company is compliant with emissions regulations.  Which gases should be monitored? To comply with EPA...

Industrial engines: Optimization and safety There are many types of industrial internal combustion engines, both stationary and mobile, that can run on gas or diesel. Engines can even run on lean combustion with a high AFR (Air to Fuel Ratio) or rich combustion with a low AFR.  Why measuring industrial engines emissions Combustion exhausts contain polluting gases such as CO...

Detection of toxic gas concentrations in underground parking garages  The presence of gasoline or diesel-powered vehicles operating in an enclosed environment such as a parking garage can cause the concentrations of toxic gases such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) to accumulate to unsafe levels.  The need of gas concentrations detection in parking garages Monitoring toxic gas concentrations in parking garages is...

Measuring the exhaust gases of forklifts Many forklifts have engines that use propane, natural gas, diesel or other combustible fossil fuels. In all such cases, there are issues both in terms of the vehicle’s efficiency and safety in the workplace.  Why do we need to analyze the emissions of forklifts? The use of forklifts with engines powered by fossil fuels...

The flexibility and versatility of a portable emissions analyzer  Continuous emissions analyzers (CEMS) are typically fixed units that take measurements from a single sampling point, usually coinciding with the central stack. Conveyed in the latter are the separate emissions that occur in other parts of the installation, such as boilers, engines and furnaces. The problem with a CEMs analyzer A CEMS...

Combustion Analysis: Maximizing a system’s efficiency and safety In this Application Note, we will see the basic principles of combustion, in particular the differences between perfect (stoichiometric), good and unsafe combustion.  We will also see the relationship between combustion efficiency, system safety, and maintenance.  Combustion and the significance of unburned fuel  Combustion occurs when oxygen (O2) reacts with the fuel...